Preposizioni e Gli Articoli
Why use 6 words when 47 will do! The beauty of the Italian language must never be compromised for mere functionality. After all "in la" just sounds ugly where as "nella" sounds far more beautiful. Here is a table of the beautiful "contracted" words. I'll say again that Italians are very forgiving - of foreigners who don't join the words in this way and also foreigners who don't use the right form of the article "the".
So, when an Italian preposition word, in the table below, is followed by one of the Italian forms of "the" they always come together to form a "contraction" word. The table shows the secret of how to make that "contraction". For example
To form the combined word replace any
Preposizioni
Prepositions are stupid in both English and Italian but luckily these stupidities coincide for much of English and Italian but not always. So Italians go in the beach where as the English go on the beach! Perhaps that is why they never meet by the sea! Be careful less you dig up an Italian when your digging on the beach! Just being silly. English says, we do this on Sunday but we do it at the weekend, or in January! How stupid is that, to use a different preposition depending on the unit of time!
Some prepositions are well behaved but many are not. Many are overloaded (i.e. have multiple meanings) or context dependent meanings.
Of - di
Use of of in English and
Position -Posizione at/to two kilometres of distance -a due chilometri di distanza
Ownership -Proprietà Tom's house - the house of tom -la casa di Tom the shop's name - -il nome del negozio the team captain - -il capitano della squadra This is Tom's - -Questo è Tom Whose is this? - -Di chi è questo
Part -Parte The clock hands. - The hands of the clock. -Le lancette dell'orologio. The car wheel. - -La ruota dell'auto. The car lights. - -La luci dell'auto.
Composition -Composizione A rod of iron. - -Una verga di ferro. A cup of silver - -Una tazza d'argento
Contents -Contenuti A cup of water. - -Una tazza d'acqua. A glass of wine. - -Un bicchiere di vino. A cup of silver. - -Una tazza d'argento. It is full of nuts. - -È pieno di noci.
Dipiction -Dipiction A picture of people fishing. - -Un'immagine della gente che pesca. The story of the three bears. - -La storia dei tre orsi. A drawing of Tom. - -Un disegno di Tom.
Creator -Creatore A painting by Picasso - -Un dipinto di Picasso The cat's footprints - -Le impronte del gatto A product of the machine - -Un prodotto della macchina
Nut cases -Caso pazzo He is from Rome - -Un dipinto di Picasso Do you remember Tom? - -Ti ricordi di Tom? Oranges are rich in vitamin c - -Le arance sono ricche di vitamina c
At - a
Use of at in English and
At;
Time -Tempo ~ at the event. - -~ all'evento. I will be at the party. - -Sarò alla festa. I will be at the concert. - -Sarò al concerto. I will be at the event. - -Sarò all'evento. I will be at the start. - -Sarò all'inizio. I will be at finish. - -Sarò alla fine. I will be at beginning. - -Sarò all'inizio. I will be at end. - -Sarò alla fine. It is dark at night. (It is light in the day!) - -È buio di notte. (È la luce del giorno!) We relax at the weekend. (We relax on Saturday and Sunday!) - -Ci rilassiamo durante il fine settimana. (Ci rilassiamo sabato e domenica!) I am coming at half past nine. - -Vengo alle nove e mezza. She learned Italian at 53. - -Ha imparato l'italiano a 53 anni.
Position -Posizione ~ at the place. - -~ al posto. He is at the door. - -Lui è [a- la ] alla porta.He is at the station. - -Lui è alla stazione. He is at the shops. - -È nei negozi. He is at the table. - -Lui è al tavolo. He is at the desk. - -Lui è alla scrivania. He is at the sink. - -Lui è al lavandino. He is at the cinema. - -Lui è al cinema. She is at the top. - -Lei è al top. She is at the bottom. - -Lei è in fondo. She is at the start. - -Lei è all'inizio. She is at the finish. - -Lei è al traguardo. She is at the beginning. - -Lei è all'inizio. She is at the end. - -Lei è alla fine. She is on the left! - -Lei è a sinistra! She is on the right! - -Lei è sulla destra!
State -He is at the limit. - -È al limite. She is at her best. - -Lei è al suo meglio.
To - a
Use of to in English and
Time -Tempo 3 days to the party. - -3 giorni alla festa. A quarter to six. - -Sei meno un quarto.
Position -Posizione Go to a destination. - -Vai a una destinazione. Go to the shops. - -Vai ai negozi. Go to the his house. - -Vai a casa sua. Go to the the door. - -Vai alla porta. Go to the London. - -Vai a Londra. we go to the beach -we-go in the beach -andiamo in spiaggi a we go to the nice beach -andiamo [a -la ] alla bella spiaggia we go to the cinema -andiamo [a -il ] al cinema we go to the nice cinema -andiamo [a -il ] al belcinem a we go to the house -andiamo a cas a we go to the nice house -andiamo [in -la ] nella bela casa we go to the meal -andiamo a- pastil o -andiamo [a -il ] al pasto we go to the nice meal -andiamo [a -il ] al bounpast o we go to the party -andiamo [a -la ] alla festa we go to the nice party -andiamo [a -la ] alla bela festa at/to two kilometres of distance -a due chilometri di distanza
Purpose -Scopo I am going to walk, visit, say etc. - -Ho intenzione di camminare, visitare, dire ecc. I need to walk, visit, say etc. - -Ho bisogno di camminare, visitare, dire ecc. I want to walk, visit, say etc. - -Voglio camminare, visitare, dire ecc. I am going to bed. (bed as a verb!) - -Sto andando a letto. (letto come un verbo!)
For - per
Use of to in English and Italian;
Time -Tempo For 2 years they worked. - -Per 2 anni hanno lavorato.
Position -Posizione For 2 miles we walked. - -Per 2 miglia abbiamo camminato.
Benefit -Vantaggio This is for you. - -Questo è per te. Fuel for the car. - -Carburante per l'auto. Food for my children. - -Cibo per i miei figli. For all to see. - -Per tutti da vedere.
In - in
Use of in in English and Italian for containment;
Time containment -Contenimento del tempo It happens - in August, in the Summer, in the afternoon. (But we say ON Monday!) - -Succede - in agosto, in estate, nel pomeriggio. (Ma diciamo lunedì!) In the last year we have seen changes. - -Nell'ultimo anno abbiamo visto dei cambiamenti. He arrived in time for the train. - -È arrivato in tempo per il treno. We eat lunch in two hours. (It takes 2 hours.) - -Pranziamo in due ore. (Ci vogliono 2 ore.)
Time before -Tempo prima In three years (from now) you will begin work. - -Tra tre anni (da adesso) inizierai a lavorare. We eat lunch in two hours. (It starts in 2 hours.) - -Pranziamo in due ore. (Inizia tra 2 ore.)
Position containment -Contenimento della posizione It is in London. - -È a Londra. It is in the box. - -È nella scatola. It is in the field. - -È nel campo. It is in the car. - -È in macchina. We will go in the car. - -Andremo in macchina. **in the sun -a- -il sole [a- il ]a l sole **in the shade -[a- l' ]a ll' ombra
Position before -Posizione prima di In three miles (from here) you will find the church. - -Tra tre miglia (da qui) troverai la chiesa.
Form of -Forma di It was written in his style. - -È stato scritto nel suo stile. It was written in ink. - -È stato scritto con l'inchiostro. It was written in pencil. - -È stato scritto a matita. It was written in English. - -È stato scritto in inglese. It was written in Italian. - -È stato scritto in italiano. It was written in binary. - -È stato scritto in binario. It was written in decimal. - -È stato scritto in decimale. It was written in Roman numbers. - -È stato scritto in numeri romani. It was written in code. - -È stato scritto in codice.
Part of an action. -Parte di un'azione. I have magic beans in exchange for our cow. - -Ho fagioli magici in cambio della nostra mucca. There is joy in seeing the sea. - -C'è gioia nel vedere il mare. There is happiness and sadness in life. - -C'è felicità e tristezza nella vita.
From - da
Use of from in English and Italian for containment;
Time after -Tempo dopo From 6 o'clock we serve dinner. - -Dalle 6 in poi serviamo la cena. From February we start planting. - -Da febbraio iniziamo a piantare.
Time of origin -Tempo di origine When is this fossil from? - -Da dove viene questo fossile?
Position after -Posizione dopo Two kilometres from here. - -a due chilometri da qui two kilometres from here -at/to two kilometres from here -- a due chilometri da qui
Position origin -Posizione origine A flower from the garden. - -Un fiore dal giardino. A gift from my friend. - -Un regalo del mio amico. Where is this fossil from? - -Da dove viene questo fossile?
Original state -Stato originale From bad to worse. - -Di male in peggio. From tragedy to hope. - -Dalla tragedia alla speranza. We must go from this. - -Dobbiamo andare da questo.
On - su
Use of to in English and Italian;
Time -Tempo It was on Monday. (But we say "it was IN January") - -Era lunedì (Ma diciamo "era a gennaio") She is on time. - -Lei è puntuale.
Position fixed/supported -Posizione fissa/supportata The lights on the car. - -Le luci sull'auto. It is the last town on this road. - -È l'ultima città su questa strada. It is on the table. - -È sul tavolo. It is on the desk. - -È sul banco. It is on the top. - -È in cima. It is on the bottom. - -È sul fondo. It is on the front. - -È sul davanti. It is on the back. - -È sul retro. she lives on the second floor - -lei vive [a- il ]a l secondo piano
Position hamlet with river. -Posizione frazione con fiume. London is on the Thames. - -Londra è sul Tamigi.
Position near -Posizione vicino it is on the right of the building. - -è sulla destra dell'edificio. it is on the left of the building. - -è a sinistra dell'edificio.
Position large vehicles and craft -Posiziona veicoli di grandi dimensioni e imbarcazioni It is on the lorry. (It is IN the car, van.) - -È sul camion. (È IN macchina, furgone.) It is on the train. - -È sul treno. It is on the plane. - -È sull'aereo.
Electronic sound or vision. -Suono o visione elettronici. She is on the radio. - -Lei è alla radio. She is on the television. - -Lei è in televisione. She is on the intercom. - -È al citofono.
By - ?
Use of by in English and Italian;
Before a Time -Prima di un tempo We finish by three o'clock. - -Finiamo per le tre. We finish by teatime. - -Finiamo per l'ora del tè. We finish by Wednesday. - -Finiamo entro mercoledì.
Posizione vicino a -We sat by the river. - -Ci siamo seduti vicino al fiume. We sat by the car park. - -Ci siamo seduti vicino al parcheggio. We sat by the door. - -Ci siamo seduti vicino alla porta.
Travel -Viaggio We will go by car. - -Andremo in macchina. We will go by train. - -Andremo in treno. We will go by foot. - -Andremo a piedi.
Amount of a change -Importo di una modifica Prices increased by 2%. - -I prezzi sono aumentati del 2%. The level went up by more than yesterday. - -Il livello è aumentato di più di ieri.
Something made by a person or method. -Qualcosa fatto da una persona o un metodo. A picture by Picasso. - -Un'immagine di Picasso. A book by J.R.R. Tolkien. - -Un libro di J.R.R. Tolkien. A mat made by weaving. - -Una stuoia realizzata con la tessitura. A joint made by heating. - -Un giunto realizzato per riscaldamento.
A way of being. -Un modo di essere. He lives by himself. - -Vive da solo. She survives by her wits. - -Lei sopravvive con il suo ingegno.
Ago - fa
Use of to in English and Italian;
Back in time. -Tornare in tempo It happened ten years ago. - -È successo dieci anni fa. It happened three days ago. - -È successo tre giorni fa. It happened five minutes ago. - -È successo cinque minuti fa. It happened a while ago. - -È successo poco fa.
Position Back in space. -Posizione indietro nello spazio. You passed that ten miles ago. - -L'hai superato dieci miglia fa. You passed that three villages ago. - -L'hai superato tre villaggi fa.
Past - fa
Use of from in English and Italian for TODO;
Time after -Tempo It is past 7 o'clock. - -The Summer has past(verb). - -It's past it's sell-by date. - -It's past it's sell-by date. - -They are past their best. - -
Position after -You past the church 3km back. - -Go past that tree and then turn left. - -Go past - his house, the door, London - and you will find it. - -
Other prepositions I haven't covered
Before/After, across, Over/Under, till/until, above/below, through, since, off, on.Prepositions have many uses!
"In English certain adjectives and verbs are always followed by particular prepositions, for example, 'happy with', 'afraid of', 'talk to', 'smile at'. The same is true in Italian." States Collins Dictonary Website.
Sorry Collins, but certainly in English we can say "talk with", "talk to", "talk at", "talk of", "smile with", "smile at", "afraid of", "afraid to" and each has its own meaning and can be used. Although some combinations are not common, "She had the smile of an angel. Almost every way I combine these I can think of a sentence around it that works!
- I am
happy with that. - *
happy of - This one isn't used except by italians making a mistake! - I am
happy to see you again. - I am
happy at home. -
- I am
afraid with them. They always get into trouble. - I am
afraid of dogs. - I am
afraid to do that. It may cause an acciden't! - I am
afraid at home. I think there is a ghost!
- I often
talk with him. I enjoy his point of view and he enjoys mine. - I often
talk of him. He is a remarkable person I want others to know about. - You
talk to many people. I am not shy. - You just
talk at me, in that rude way all the time.
- I always
smile with you because you make me happy. - *She has the
smile of an angel. ("smile" is a noun here though!) - *He uses that
smile to charm women. ("smile" is a noun here though!) - I often
smile at her, when I see her.
With the exception of the * items all these prepositions work and have meaning as part of normal English. So lets face it the rules are not so clear or perhaps we could say that the rules are a mess! Now how does this lot look in Italian!
I am happy with that. -Ne sono contento. I am happy to see you again. -I-am happy of see-you-again. -Sono felice di rivederti. I am happy at home. -I am happy at/to home. -Sono felice a casa. I am afraid with them. -I-have fear with them. -Ho paura con loro. I am afraid of dogs. -I-have fear of-the dogs. -Ho paura [di-i] dei cani. I am afraid to do that. -I-have fear of to-do-it. -Ho paura di farlo. I am afraid at home. -I-have fear at home. -Ho paura a casa. I often talk with him. -I-speak often with him. -Parlo spesso con lui. You talk to many people. -You-talk with many people. -Parli con molte persone. You just talk at me, in that rude way. -Me you-speak in that way rude. -Mi parli in quel modo maleducato. I always smile with you. -I-smile always with you. -Sorrido sempre con te. She has the smile of an angel. -Lei ha il sorriso di un angelo. He uses that smile to charm women. -Use that smile for enchant the women. -Usa quel sorriso per incantare le donne. I often smile at her, when I see her. -Her I-smile often, when her I-see. -Le sorrido spesso, quando la vedo.